电子记录簿与纸质记录簿不同的三点及主管机关的声明（MEPC.314(74)、MEPC.312(74)）
MARPOL的记录簿长期以来都是纸质的。2019年5月17日通过、2020年10月1日生效的决议MEPC.314(74)在附则I、II、V中加入了电子记录簿的定义。油类记录簿、货物记录簿、垃圾记录簿从此可以用电子形式保存。同日通过的MEPC.312(74)，是主管机关认可电子记录簿时参照的导则。
把纸质记录簿搬进PDF或电子表格，并不就成了电子记录簿。条文要求的是主管机关的认可，导则是这项认可的标准。本文通过导则正文来读电子记录簿与纸质不同的三个地方。记载的保存条件、签字的替代、备份和副本。最后说明检查时必须出示什么。
电子记录簿必须是经主管机关认可的装置才算记录簿
39 Electronic Record Book means a device or system, approved by the Administration, used to electronically record the required entries for discharges, transfers and other operations as required under this Annex in lieu of a hard copy record book.
这是MEPC.314(74)加进附则I规则1的定义。附则II规则1（第22款）和附则V规则1（第19款）加入了同样的句子。关键是approved by the Administration和in lieu of a hard copy record book。有了认可才能代替纸质。
附则V规则10.3的第二句改成了下面这样。
The Garbage Record Book, whether as a part of the ship’s official logbook, or as an electronic record book which shall be approved by the Administration taking into account the Guidelines developed by the Organization, or otherwise, shall be in the form specified in appendix II to this Annex:
油类记录簿第I、II部分（附则I规则17.1、36.1）和货物记录簿（附则II规则15.1）也加入了同样形式的句子。船长签字的单位，在each completed page之后加上了or group of electronic entries。电子形式没有页，所以一组记载就是签字单位。
导则涉及的记录簿有七种
2.1 These Guidelines are only applicable to the use of electronic record books on board to meet the requirements of the following record books and recording requirements under the MARPOL Annexes and the Technical Code on Control of Emission of Nitrogen Oxides from Marine Diesel Engines (NOX Technical Code): .1 Oil Record Book, parts I and II (MARPOL Annex I, regulations 17.1 and 36.1); .2 Cargo Record Book (MARPOL Annex II, regulation 15.1); .3 Garbage Record Book, parts I and II (MARPOL Annex V, regulation 10.3); .4 Ozone-depleting Substances Record Book (MARPOL Annex VI, regulation 12.6); .5 recording of the tier and on/off status of marine diesel engines (MARPOL Annex VI, regulation 13.5.3); .6 Record of Fuel Oil Changeover (MARPOL Annex VI, regulation 14.6); and .7 Record Book of Engine Parameters (NOX Technical Code, paragraph 6.2.2.7).
附则VI和NOx技术规则下的四种，是MEPC.316(74)和MEPC.317(74)修改的。本文只写出这两项决议的编号，不涉及其正文。导则2.3说，像证书这类不连续记录营运的文件不在其范围内。2.4划清界线：船舶向公司传送数据不是记录簿的要求。电子记录簿是船上的记录装置，不是报告体系。
第一，缺了栏目就不能保存，修改会留下痕迹
4.1.2 As MARPOL specifies the recording of a range of information for specific circumstances, an approved system should only allow a complete entry to be saved for verification by the master. For example, for a MARPOL Annex V discharge at sea, the entry should not be able to be saved without the entry of the latitude and longitude of the discharge. It is suggested that where possible, technology which can automatically input required data be installed to ensure accuracy. In the case of equipment failure, manual input should be allowed and the change of the source of data recorded. The automatic data value inputs should be protected by measures aimed at preventing attempts at manipulation or falsification. The system should automatically record any attempts to manipulate or falsify any data.
在纸上可以空着位置就签字。电子记录簿只应允许保存完整的记载。建议安装自动获取位置的装置，装置故障时开放手动输入并记录数据来源的变更。篡改的企图本身就会被记录。
4.3.4 Records and entries should be protected by measures aimed at preventing and detecting attempts at unauthorized deletion, destruction or amendment. After an entry is saved by the user, the system should secure the information against unauthorized or untraceable changes. Any change(s) to the entry by the same user or a different user should be automatically recorded and made visible both in the system and in any output presentation or printed versions of the electronic record book. The entry should appear in the list of entries in a format that makes it clear that the entry has been amended. To create transparency of changes to saved or verified entries, it is essential that the system is designed to retain both the original entry and the amendment(s).
已保存的记载不能删除或覆盖。修改后，原记载和修改后的记载都要保留，而且在屏幕和打印件上都要能看出已被修改。4.3.5建议记下修改的原因和修改人的标识，供船长核验。纸上的划改在电子形式里变成了履历保存。
第二，签字变成个人登录和船长的核验环节
4.3.1 To ensure the security of an electronic record book, it is critical that the system implements Role Based Access Control. At a minimum, all access to the application should use a unique personal login identifier and password for each user. This level of security ensures that the user making entries into the application is accountable for any false entries or omissions. 4.3.2 MARPOL requires the signature of the relevant officer entering a record. As such, the electronic record book should implement Audit Logging. Audit Logging should record a user code, identifying symbol, such as a graphic character, or an equivalent identifier against each entry to uniquely identify the user and whether the user provided accessed or amended an entry.
负责的高级船员的签字，由个人登录和审计日志代替。共用账号满足不了这一条件。每条记载都要留下谁记载、谁查看或修改。
4.3.6 MARPOL also requires that information in the record book be verified (e.g. regulation 17 of MARPOL Annex I requires that each page of the Oil Record Book be signed by the master of the ship). For verification of a single or series of saved entries by the master, the electronic record book should have an additional authentication factor to allow verification. This additional authentication factor should be in the form of additional credentials supplied by the master at the time of verification.
船长的逐页签字变成核验环节。船长要在核验时提供登录之外的附加认证。4.3.8要求每条记载设有pending、verified之类的状态栏。4.3.9要求核验后再修改时自动退回pending，并通知船长重新核验。4.3.7把记载、修改、核验的时间分别记录，让几天的内容一次性补记的痕迹能看出来。因为附则V规则10要求promptly recorded。4.3.10建议在到港前完成核验，未核验的记载要附上原因。4.3.11允许把接收设施收据或检验签注附在或关联到相应记载上，但原件要另行保存。
第三，备份是自动的，离线副本带有船长的数字签名
4.4.2 The electronic record book should have the capability to allow automatic backup of data in the system to offline storage. Backups should ensure the offline record is updated automatically every time changes are made to entries to ensure the backing up process is not forgotten by the user.
靠人记着去做的备份，导则不认可。每次记载变动，离线存储都要自动更新。4.4.1要求把电子记录簿纳入公司的IT业务连续性计划，并考虑备用电源，断电也能访问。检查中打不开系统，就会按6.1.2被要求出示其他经核验的副本或纸质记录簿。
4.4.4 This offline record may be provided in any format deemed appropriate by the Administration and should be digitally signed by the master. The properties of the digital signature need to appear on the offline record, including the title; full name of the signer; and date and time of signing. It is recommended that the document be presented in PDF; however, an alternative format may be used. Alternative formats should allow the exchange and view of electronic documents independent of the environment in which they were created and the environment in which they are viewed or printed, in a simple way and with fidelity.
离线副本须加密且为只读（4.4.3），并由船长数字签名。签名人的职务、姓名和签名日期时间要显示在副本上。格式建议用PDF，主管机关也可以认可其他格式。4.1.4要求按各附则规定的最短保存期保留全部记录。有要求时，要能打印出供船长证明为真实副本的纸质件。
声明必须在船上，检查官可以要求纸质打印件
5.1 Any electronic system deemed to meet the above criteria should be provided with written confirmation by the Administration and carried on board the ship for the purpose of regulatory surveys or inspections. An example of a declaration can be seen in the appendix.
认可的凭证是主管机关的书面确认，也就是声明。附录中的示例格式包括船名、IMO编号、船旗国、适用的附则、制造商、供应商、安装方、软件名称和版本、安装日期。5.2把评估和签发声明是否委托认可组织，交由主管机关裁量。
6.1.2 The use of and reliance upon electronic record books in no way relieves shipowners of their existing duty to accurately maintain and produce records during an inspection, as required by MARPOL. It is recommended that if a ship cannot produce the electronic record book or a declaration provided by the Administration during the PSC inspection, the PSC officer should request to view an alternative verified copy of the records or a hard copy record book for verification.
没有声明，或者系统打不开，港口国监督检查官就会要求其他经核验的副本或纸质记录簿。6.2说，记录要能用船上自己的设备展示，检查官不必另带设备。一旦展开调查，按6.3打印相关记载或整本记录簿，由船长逐页签字证明为true copy。打印件上要有记载人的职务和姓名、修改内容、打印日期时间、软件名称和版本、页码和总页数。
需要确认的事
MEPC.312(74)是导则，正文用should来写。约束力来自MEPC.314(74)修改后的附则正文中的approved by the Administration。所以同一套软件，在不同船旗国的认可程序和声明格式可能不一样。4.2要求在MARPOL修正案生效前更新软件，但不得丢失现有记录或使之无法读取。附则VI方面记录簿的条文修改，本文不涉及。
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