外国证书的承认顺序与签证之前允许上船的期限（STCW公约第I/10条）

假设要把一名持菲律宾签发的适任证书的二副派到巴拿马籍船上。证书本身有效，有效期也还没过。 凭这一张纸就能让他上船吗。STCW公约第I/10条的回答是不能。

承认一份证书是有顺序的。国与国之间的评估在前，之后才轮到给具体证书加签证。而在这个顺序走完 之前，还有一扇允许上船的窗口开着。

承认从国与国之间的评估开始，不是从海员的文件开始

1 Each Administration shall ensure that the provisions of this regulation are complied with, in order to recognize, by endorsement in accordance with regulation I/2, paragraph 7, a certificate issued by or under the authority of another Party to a master, officer or radio operator and that: .1 the Administration has confirmed, through an evaluation of that Party, which may include inspection of facilities and procedures, that the requirements of the Convention regarding standards of competence, training and certification and quality standards are fully complied with; and .2 an undertaking is agreed with the Party concerned that prompt notification will be given of any significant change in the arrangements for training and certification provided in compliance with the Convention.

.1和.2由and绑在一起。两者都具备，承认（recognition）才成立。.1是评估。主管机关要 评估对方缔约国，确认适任标准、培训与发证、质量标准都按公约执行，而这项评估可以延伸到设施和 程序的检查（may include）。.2是约定。两国要约定，培训和发证安排一旦有重大变化就立即通报。

这两个条件都与具体海员无关。文件再齐全，只要签发国没有通过本国船旗国的评估，承认这条路根本 不会打开。而评估的对象是缔约国。

4 Certificates issued by or under the authority of a non-Party shall not be recognized.

非缔约国签发的证书不予承认。这里没有附带任何例外措辞。

签证要等真伪核实之后才出，而且活不过原证书

7 An Administration which recognizes under regulation I/10: .1 a certificate of competency; or .2 a certificate of proficiency issued to masters and officers in accordance with the provisions of regulations V/1-1 and V/1-2 shall endorse such certificate to attest its recognition only after ensuring the authenticity and validity of the certificate.

签证（endorsement）是证明承认的那张纸。这张纸出具的时点也是定死的： only after ensuring the authenticity and validity of the certificate，也就是确认原证书为真 且有效之后。顺序不能倒过来。

第I/2条第8款这样规定签证的寿命。

.4 shall expire as soon as the certificate endorsed expires or is withdrawn, suspended or cancelled by the Party which issued it and, in any case, not more than five years after their date of issue.

原证书一旦到期，或者签发国撤销、暂停、注销，签证也在那一刻结束。而且无论如何都不得超过签发日 起五年。这意味着一名海员的档案里至少有两个有效期。

同一条第9款要求签证上写的任职资格表述，与该主管机关最低安全配员要求所用的表述identical。 第I/10条第2款还给管理级证书加了一道确认。必须建立措施，确认该海员对与其所任职务有关的主管机关 海事法规有适当的了解。

等签证期间开放上船的窗口是三个月

5 Notwithstanding the requirement of regulation I/2, paragraph 7, an Administration may, if circumstances require, subject to the provisions of paragraph 1, allow a seafarer to serve for a period not exceeding three months on board a ship entitled to fly its flag, while holding an appropriate and valid certificate issued and endorsed as required by another Party for use on board that Party’s ships but which has not yet been endorsed so as to render it appropriate for service on board ships entitled to fly the flag of the Administration. Documentary proof shall be readily available that application for an endorsement has been submitted to the Administration.

这一句里装着五个条件。

• 写的是an Administration may。这是主管机关的裁量，不是公司或海员的权利。
• 它subject to the provisions of paragraph 1。必须先有对签发国的评估和通报约定，窗口才打开。
• 海员手里的证书，必须是签发国已为本国船舶加过签证的有效证书。
• 期限上限是三个月。没有任何延长的措辞。
• 已申请承认签证的书面证据必须处于readily available的状态。

第I/2条第11款要求公约所要求的证书以正本存放船上，同时把这项义务置于第I/10条第5款之下。 尚未拿到的承认签证，其位置由申请受理的证据来填。

承认签证不能成为第三国承认的依据

6 Certificates and endorsements issued by an Administration under the provisions of this regulation in recognition of, or attesting the recognition of, a certificate issued by another Party shall not be used as the basis for further recognition by another Administration.

承认的链条走一环就断。B国承认了A国的证书并出具签证，并不等于C国可以拿B国的签证作依据再承认 一次。C国必须回到A国签发的原证书，自己去核实。船舶改挂船旗时，在船海员的签证不会在新船旗国 延续下去，原因就在这里。

被挡住的是别国的那张纸，不是这个人积累的资历。STCW规则A-I/10节写明，缔约国在签发自己的证书时 接受在非缔约国取得的海上服务资历和教育培训，并不因此被禁止。把别国的纸直接叠上去，与重新审核 原始材料签发自己的纸，是两条不同的路。

上船前要看的文件是有顺序的

15 Each Party undertakes to make available information on the status of such certificates of competency, endorsements and dispensations to other Parties and companies which request verification of the authenticity and validity of certificates produced to them by seafarers seeking recognition of their certificates under regulation I/10 or employment on board ship.

companies就写在条文里。收到证书的公司可以向签发的缔约国请求核实该证书的状态。而且从2017年 1月1日起，这类状态信息必须以英文、通过电子方式提供。

文件	证明什么	由谁出具
原证书	持证人具备签发国标准的适任能力	签发国主管机关
签发国签证	可以在签发国船舶上使用	签发国主管机关
承认签证	所上船舶的船旗国承认了该证书	该船船旗国主管机关
申请受理证据	已经申请了承认签证	由申请人保存

按顺序摆开，核对是这样走的。先看该海员的签发国是不是通过了本国船旗国评估的国家。再用签发国的 登记册核实原证书和签发国签证是否为真且有效。然后看本国船旗国的承认签证有没有出。若还没有，就 看申请受理证据在不在手上，以及从上船之日起三个月内签证能否出来。最后，把签证上的职级表述与该 船的最低安全配员证书对上。

需要确认的事

上面的引文取自STCW/CONF.2/33的第I/10条（印刷第12至13页）和第I/2条（印刷第5至7页），以及 STCW/CONF.2/34的A-I/10节（印刷第25页）。本国船旗国评估过哪些国家，承认签证的申请要附哪些 材料、办理需要多久，都由船旗国来定。三个月的窗口实际上开不开，也是主管机关的裁量。把那条船的 船旗国和海员签发国的指南放在一起看，才是起点。