垃圾排入海中的条件与特殊区域的差异（MARPOL附则V规则3、4、6）
MARPOL附则V原则上禁止把垃圾排入海中，并在规则4和规则6按种类开出例外。规则4针对特殊区域外，规则6针对特殊区域内。同样的食品废弃物，在哪片海域，距离和处理条件就不一样。
特殊区域由规则1.14规定了八处。地中海、波罗的海、黑海、红海、海湾区域、北海、南极区域和大加勒比区域。特殊区域的条件不是全球统一的义务，只在这些区域内适用，所以首先要确认航线是否进入特殊区域。依照规则8.2.2，各区域的规则6自本组织在收到沿岸缔约国关于接收设施的通知后确定的日期起生效。
正文是2013年1月1日生效的决议MEPC.201(62)。2018年3月1日生效的MEPC.277(70)把货物残余物有害性的判定标准移入附录I，并加入了托运人申报。下面是修改后的条文。
出发点是全面禁止，塑料和食用油没有例外
1 Discharge of all garbage into the sea is prohibited, except as provided otherwise in regulations 4, 5, 6 and 7 of this Annex. 2 Except as provided in regulation 7 of this Annex, discharge into the sea of all plastics, including but not limited to synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets, plastic garbage bags and incinerator ashes from plastic products is prohibited. 3 Except as provided in regulation 7 of this Annex, the discharge into the sea of cooking oil is prohibited.
规则3的结构是读下面所有条件的框架。第1款禁止排放一切垃圾，只有规则4、5、6、7开出例外。第2款和第3款把塑料和食用油单独列出，连规则4和6的例外也排除在外。剩下的例外只有规则7的安全和事故例外。
塑料的范围由规则1.13规定。合成缆绳、合成渔网、塑料垃圾袋，直至焚烧塑料制品产生的焚烧炉灰，都属于all plastics。焚烧炉灰是类别E，但焚烧塑料产生的灰不得排放。
在特殊区域外，食品废弃物以3海里和12海里分界
1 Discharge of the following garbage into the sea outside special areas shall only be permitted while the ship is en route and as far as practicable from the nearest land, but in any case not less than: .1 3 nautical miles from the nearest land for food wastes which have been passed through a comminuter or grinder. Such comminuted or ground food wastes shall be capable of passing through a screen with openings no greater than 25 mm. .2 12 nautical miles from the nearest land for food wastes that have not been treated in accordance with subparagraph .1 above. .3 12 nautical miles from the nearest land for cargo residues that cannot be recovered using commonly available methods for unloading. These cargo residues shall not contain any substances classified as harmful to the marine environment, taking into account guidelines developed by the Organization. .4 For animal carcasses, discharge shall occur as far from the nearest land as possible, taking into account the guidelines developed by the Organization.
所有项目有两个共同条件。船必须en route，并且尽可能远离最近陆地。规则1.5的en route不只是船在动。它指的是船在航行，使排放物在合理且可行的范围内尽量散布到广阔海域。锚泊或漂航时的排放不满足这一条件。
食品废弃物由处理与否决定距离。经粉碎机处理并能通过25mm筛网的，是3海里；否则是12海里。货物残余物除12海里外，还必须不含有害物质。MEPC.277(70)改写了.3的第二句。要求考虑导则的taking into account guidelines developed by the Organization被删去。取而代之的是in accordance with the criteria set out in appendix I。判定标准从建议性导则上升到附则本文的附录。
同一决议在规则4中新增第3款，把原第3款推为第4款。
3 Solid bulk cargoes as defined in regulation VI/1-1.2 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended, other than grain, shall be classified in accordance with appendix I of this Annex, and declared by the shipper as to whether or not they are harmful to the marine environment.
谷物以外的固体散装货物由托运人按附录I分类，并申报是否有害。船接到申报后，把货物残余物分为类别J（non-HME）和K（HME）记载。没有申报，船就没有把残余物排入海中的依据。
在特殊区域内，食品废弃物12海里外还要粉碎，货物残余物须满足全部六项条件
1 Discharge of the following garbage into the sea within special areas shall only be permitted while the ship is en route and as follows: .1 Discharge into the sea of food wastes as far as practicable from the nearest land, but not less than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land or the nearest ice shelf. Food wastes shall be comminuted or ground and shall be capable of passing through a screen with openings no greater than 25 mm. Food wastes shall not be contaminated by any other garbage type. Discharge of introduced avian products, including poultry and poultry parts, is not permitted in the Antarctic area unless it has been treated to be made sterile.
在区域外粉碎后是3海里的食品废弃物，在区域内即使粉碎也是12海里。未粉碎的食品废弃物在特殊区域内不得排放。距离的起算点加上了the nearest ice shelf，并附加了不得被其他垃圾污染的条件。在南极区域，禽类制品未经灭菌不得排放。
货物残余物必须满足规则6.1.2的全部条件。MEPC.277(70)新写了三项条件，把原有三项向后推，变成六项。新写的条件如下。
.1 Cargo residues contained in hold washing water do not include any substances classified as harmful to the marine environment according to the criteria set out in appendix I of this Annex; .2 Solid bulk cargoes as defined in regulation VI/1-1.2 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended, other than grain, shall be classified in accordance with appendix I of this Annex, and declared by the shipper as to whether or not they are harmful to the marine environment; .3 Cleaning agents or additives contained in hold washing water do not include any substances classified as harmful to the marine environment taking into account guidelines developed by the Organization;
向后推的三项是2013年生效正文的条件。出发港和下一目的港都在特殊区域内，且两港之间不驶出区域（.4）；这些港口没有足够的接收设施（.5）；以及距离条件（.6）。距离条件改写如下。
.6 Where the conditions of subparagraphs .2.1 to .2.5 of this paragraph have been fulfilled, discharge of cargo hold washing water containing residues shall be made as far as practicable from the nearest land or the nearest ice shelf and not less than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land or the nearest ice shelf.
六项条件必须全部满足。驶往有接收设施港口的船，在第五项就被挡住。特殊区域内的货物残余物排放，是没有接收设施时的替代办法，不是常规处置途径。
混在一起时，按更严格的一方处理
3 When garbage is mixed with or contaminated by other substances prohibited from discharge or having different discharge requirements, the more stringent requirements shall apply.
这是2013年生效正文规则4的第3款，MEPC.277(70)把它改为第4款。规则6.4有同样的句子。食品废弃物里混了塑料袋，就按塑料的规则而不是食品废弃物的规则处理。也就是不能排放。这就是分类存放成为所有排放条件前提的原因。
| 垃圾 | 特殊区域外（规则4） | 特殊区域内（规则6） |
|---|---|---|
| 塑料、食用油 | 禁止 | 禁止 |
| 食品废弃物（粉碎，通过25mm筛网） | 3海里以上 | 12海里以上，未被其他垃圾污染 |
| 食品废弃物（未粉碎） | 12海里以上 | 禁止 |
| 货物残余物（non-HME） | 12海里以上，仅限无法回收的部分 | 全部六项条件，12海里以上 |
| 货物残余物（HME） | 禁止 | 禁止 |
| 甲板和外部冲洗水中的清洁剂、添加剂 | 无害时 | 无害时 |
| 动物尸体 | 尽可能远离陆地 | 条文未予许可 |
| 生活废弃物、操作废弃物、焚烧炉灰、渔具 | 除规则7例外情形外禁止 | 除规则7例外情形外禁止 |
例外由规则7把关
规则7.1在四种情形下不适用规则3、4、5、6。为保障船舶和人命安全的排放、因损坏造成的意外丢失、采取了一切合理预防措施仍丢失的渔具，以及为保护海洋环境或船舶安全而抛弃的渔具。另外，en route条件有一项例外。
.1 The en route requirements of regulations 4 and 6 shall not apply to the discharge of food wastes where it is clear the retention on board of these food wastes presents an imminent health risk to the people on board.
当留在船上会对在船人员健康构成紧迫危险时，仅对食品废弃物解除航行中的条件。距离条件并不解除。这类例外排放按规则10.3.6连同原因记入记录簿。
需要确认的事
本文涵盖MEPC.201(62)的规则3、4、6、7以及MEPC.277(70)修改的部分。极地规则的垃圾规定及其后的修订不在本文范围内。附录I的有害性判定标准依据联合国GHS分类，因此托运人申报的分类依据要对照该标准核对。规则6.3对南极区域另有要求：进入前须有保留全部垃圾的容量，离开后须有交付接收设施的安排。
可以直接查阅所引用的原文
以下链接指向本文所述文件的官方发布机构。请核对文中注明的版本与条款，并在实际适用前确认后续修订及船旗国的实施要求。
可以继续查阅相关业务说明
Bellbook 是面向航运公司的运营管理平台，将船舶计划保养(PMS)、证书、审核准备与船员人事、薪酬和航次报告集中在一处。
免费开始使用